Assessor Resource

AVIF0009
Manage threats and errors as pilot in command

Assessment tool

Version 1.0
Issue Date: April 2024


This unit involves the skills and knowledge required to manage threats and errors as pilot in command (PIC), in compliance with relevant regulatory requirements of the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) and national operating standards.

It includes recognising and managing actual and potential threats, recognising and managing actual and potential errors, recognising and managing undesired aircraft states, making effective decisions, and reporting and recording operational occurrences.

This unit addresses aviation non-technical skill requirements (mental, social and personal-management abilities) for a PIC, and contributes to safe and effective performance in complex aviation operational environments.

Operations are conducted as part of recreational, commercial and military aircraft activities across a variety of operational contexts within the Australian aviation industry.

Work is performed independently without supervision within a multi-crew environment.

Licensing, legislative, regulatory or certification requirements are applicable to this unit.

Use for Defence Aviation is to be in accordance with relevant Defence Orders, Instructions, Publications and Regulations.

You may want to include more information here about the target group and the purpose of the assessments (eg formative, summative, recognition)


Evidence Required

List the assessment methods to be used and the context and resources required for assessment. Copy and paste the relevant sections from the evidence guide below and then re-write these in plain English.

ELEMENTS

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Elements describe the essential outcomes.

Performance criteria describe the performance needed to demonstrate achievement of the element.

1

Recognise and manage actual and potential threats

1.1

Potential environmental or operational threats likely to affect flight safety are identified

1.2

Actual environmental or operational threats that affect flight safety are identified

1.3

Competing operational priorities and task demands that may represent a threat to flight safety flight are identified

1.4

Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential threats, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members

1.5

Flight progress and effect of countermeasures are monitored and assessed to ensure a safe outcome

1.6

Alternative countermeasures are identified and implemented, and countermeasures are re-evaluated for effectiveness

2

Recognise and manage actual and potential errors

2.1

Checklists and standard operating procedures are implemented to prevent aircraft handling, procedural or communication errors

2.2

Committed errors are identified and responded to before aircraft enters an undesired state

2.3

Aircraft systems are monitored using a systematic scan technique to collect and analyse flight information for potential or actual error recognition purposes

2.4

Flight operating environment is monitored to collect and analyse flight information for potential or actual error recognition purposes

2.5

Team performance is monitored to recognise potential or actual error occurrence

2.6

Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential errors, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members before aircraft enters an undesired state

2.7

Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential errors, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members to correct errors after aircraft enters an undesired state

3

Recognise and manage undesired aircraft states

3.1

Undesired aircraft states are recognised

3.2

Effective decisions are made to manage undesired aircraft states, and countermeasure tasks are allocated and prioritised to ensure an undesired aircraft state is managed effectively

3.3

Corrective actions to recover an undesired aircraft state are applied in a safe and timely manner

4

Make effective decisions

4.1

Relevant, current and sufficient information is gathered to assess and analyse situation for decision making

4.2

Problem-solving strategies and techniques are used to identify and generate options

4.3

Decisions are made and communicated to flight crew and implemented in a timely manner, in accordance with regulatory requirements and workplace procedures

4.4

Decisions and actions are evaluated for their effectiveness and positive outcomes

4.5

Decisions, their rationale and associated actions are documented and reported in accordance with regulatory requirements and workplace procedures

4.6

Operational decisions and actions taken to manage threats and errors are reported and recorded in accordance with appropriate workplace procedures and regulatory requirements

Evidence required to demonstrate competence in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements, performance criteria and range of conditions on at least one occasion and include:

actively listening to others in the operational environment

applying precautions and required action to minimise, control or eliminate identified hazards

applying relevant aeronautical knowledge

applying relevant legislation and workplace procedures

communicating effectively with others

delegating duties and tasks

determining and implementing appropriate countermeasures

giving and receiving instructions related to implementing threat and error management strategies

implementing contingency plans

implementing work health and safety (WHS)/occupational health and safety (OHS) procedures and relevant regulations

maintaining situational awareness

modifying activities depending on operational contingencies, risk levels and environments

operating and adapting to differences in communications equipment in accordance with standard operating procedures

planning own work, predicting consequences and identifying improvements

reading, interpreting and following relevant instructions, procedures, information and signs

reporting and rectifying identified problems, faults or malfunctions promptly in accordance with workplace procedures

responding appropriately to cultural differences in the workplace

responding to feedback from other flight or ground crew

supervising others when implementing threat and error management strategies

working collaboratively with others

working systematically with required attention to detail without injury to self or others, or damage to goods or equipment.

Evidence required to demonstrate competence in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements, performance criteria and range of conditions and include knowledge of:

application of situational awareness to identify real or potential environmental or operational threats to aviation safety

aspects of multi-crew operations that can prevent an undesired aircraft state

effective communication during normal, abnormal and emergency situations

leadership and supervision strategies

recognition techniques and management strategies for:

actual and potential threats

actual and potential errors

undesired aircraft states

relevant sections of Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASRs) and Civil Aviation Orders related to threat and error management (TEM)

removing and mitigating threats

removing and mitigating errors

safety philosophies

task management:

workload organisation and priority setting to ensure optimum safe outcome of the flight

event planning, in a logical and sequential manner

anticipating events to ensure sufficient opportunity is available for completion

using technology to reduce workload and improve cognitive and manipulative activities

task prioritisation and protection while filtering and managing real time information

TEM model:

principles and components of TEM

definition of threats

definition of errors

undesired aircraft states

TEM countermeasures.

As a minimum, assessors must satisfy applicable regulatory requirements, which include requirements in the Standards for Registered Training Organisations current at the time of assessment.

As a minimum, assessment must satisfy applicable regulatory requirements, which include requirements in the Standards for Registered Training Organisations current at the time of assessment.

Assessment processes and techniques must be appropriate to the language, literacy and numeracy requirements of the work being performed and the needs of the candidate.

Assessment must occur in workplace operational situations. Where this is not appropriate, assessment must occur in simulated workplace operational situations that reflect workplace conditions.

Resources for assessment must include access to:

a range of relevant exercises, case studies and/or simulations

acceptable means of simulation assessment

applicable documentation including workplace procedures, regulations, codes of practice and operation manuals

relevant materials, tools, equipment and personal protective equipment currently used in industry.

Submission Requirements

List each assessment task's title, type (eg project, observation/demonstration, essay, assingnment, checklist) and due date here

Assessment task 1: [title]      Due date:

(add new lines for each of the assessment tasks)

Assessment Tasks

Copy and paste from the following data to produce each assessment task. Write these in plain English and spell out how, when and where the task is to be carried out, under what conditions, and what resources are needed. Include guidelines about how well the candidate has to perform a task for it to be judged satisfactory.

ELEMENTS

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Elements describe the essential outcomes.

Performance criteria describe the performance needed to demonstrate achievement of the element.

1

Recognise and manage actual and potential threats

1.1

Potential environmental or operational threats likely to affect flight safety are identified

1.2

Actual environmental or operational threats that affect flight safety are identified

1.3

Competing operational priorities and task demands that may represent a threat to flight safety flight are identified

1.4

Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential threats, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members

1.5

Flight progress and effect of countermeasures are monitored and assessed to ensure a safe outcome

1.6

Alternative countermeasures are identified and implemented, and countermeasures are re-evaluated for effectiveness

2

Recognise and manage actual and potential errors

2.1

Checklists and standard operating procedures are implemented to prevent aircraft handling, procedural or communication errors

2.2

Committed errors are identified and responded to before aircraft enters an undesired state

2.3

Aircraft systems are monitored using a systematic scan technique to collect and analyse flight information for potential or actual error recognition purposes

2.4

Flight operating environment is monitored to collect and analyse flight information for potential or actual error recognition purposes

2.5

Team performance is monitored to recognise potential or actual error occurrence

2.6

Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential errors, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members before aircraft enters an undesired state

2.7

Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential errors, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members to correct errors after aircraft enters an undesired state

3

Recognise and manage undesired aircraft states

3.1

Undesired aircraft states are recognised

3.2

Effective decisions are made to manage undesired aircraft states, and countermeasure tasks are allocated and prioritised to ensure an undesired aircraft state is managed effectively

3.3

Corrective actions to recover an undesired aircraft state are applied in a safe and timely manner

4

Make effective decisions

4.1

Relevant, current and sufficient information is gathered to assess and analyse situation for decision making

4.2

Problem-solving strategies and techniques are used to identify and generate options

4.3

Decisions are made and communicated to flight crew and implemented in a timely manner, in accordance with regulatory requirements and workplace procedures

4.4

Decisions and actions are evaluated for their effectiveness and positive outcomes

4.5

Decisions, their rationale and associated actions are documented and reported in accordance with regulatory requirements and workplace procedures

4.6

Operational decisions and actions taken to manage threats and errors are reported and recorded in accordance with appropriate workplace procedures and regulatory requirements

Range is restricted to essential operating conditions and any other variables essential to the work environment.

Multi-crew operational threats must include one or more of the following:

events or errors that:

occur outside the influence of the flight crew

increase the operational complexity of the flight

require crew attention and management if safety margins are to be maintained

Errors must include one or more of the following:

individual or group actions or inactions that:

lead to a deviation from individual, group or organisational intentions or expectations

reduce safety margins

increase the probability of adverse operational events on the ground and/or during flight

Undesired aircraft states must include one or more of the following:

incorrect aircraft systems configuration associated with a reduced margin of safety

inappropriate flight mode awareness and selection

misapplication of flight controls

pilot induced aircraft position

pilot induced speed deviation

Evidence required to demonstrate competence in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements, performance criteria and range of conditions on at least one occasion and include:

actively listening to others in the operational environment

applying precautions and required action to minimise, control or eliminate identified hazards

applying relevant aeronautical knowledge

applying relevant legislation and workplace procedures

communicating effectively with others

delegating duties and tasks

determining and implementing appropriate countermeasures

giving and receiving instructions related to implementing threat and error management strategies

implementing contingency plans

implementing work health and safety (WHS)/occupational health and safety (OHS) procedures and relevant regulations

maintaining situational awareness

modifying activities depending on operational contingencies, risk levels and environments

operating and adapting to differences in communications equipment in accordance with standard operating procedures

planning own work, predicting consequences and identifying improvements

reading, interpreting and following relevant instructions, procedures, information and signs

reporting and rectifying identified problems, faults or malfunctions promptly in accordance with workplace procedures

responding appropriately to cultural differences in the workplace

responding to feedback from other flight or ground crew

supervising others when implementing threat and error management strategies

working collaboratively with others

working systematically with required attention to detail without injury to self or others, or damage to goods or equipment.

Evidence required to demonstrate competence in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements, performance criteria and range of conditions and include knowledge of:

application of situational awareness to identify real or potential environmental or operational threats to aviation safety

aspects of multi-crew operations that can prevent an undesired aircraft state

effective communication during normal, abnormal and emergency situations

leadership and supervision strategies

recognition techniques and management strategies for:

actual and potential threats

actual and potential errors

undesired aircraft states

relevant sections of Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASRs) and Civil Aviation Orders related to threat and error management (TEM)

removing and mitigating threats

removing and mitigating errors

safety philosophies

task management:

workload organisation and priority setting to ensure optimum safe outcome of the flight

event planning, in a logical and sequential manner

anticipating events to ensure sufficient opportunity is available for completion

using technology to reduce workload and improve cognitive and manipulative activities

task prioritisation and protection while filtering and managing real time information

TEM model:

principles and components of TEM

definition of threats

definition of errors

undesired aircraft states

TEM countermeasures.

As a minimum, assessors must satisfy applicable regulatory requirements, which include requirements in the Standards for Registered Training Organisations current at the time of assessment.

As a minimum, assessment must satisfy applicable regulatory requirements, which include requirements in the Standards for Registered Training Organisations current at the time of assessment.

Assessment processes and techniques must be appropriate to the language, literacy and numeracy requirements of the work being performed and the needs of the candidate.

Assessment must occur in workplace operational situations. Where this is not appropriate, assessment must occur in simulated workplace operational situations that reflect workplace conditions.

Resources for assessment must include access to:

a range of relevant exercises, case studies and/or simulations

acceptable means of simulation assessment

applicable documentation including workplace procedures, regulations, codes of practice and operation manuals

relevant materials, tools, equipment and personal protective equipment currently used in industry.

Copy and paste from the following performance criteria to create an observation checklist for each task. When you have finished writing your assessment tool every one of these must have been addressed, preferably several times in a variety of contexts. To ensure this occurs download the assessment matrix for the unit; enter each assessment task as a column header and place check marks against each performance criteria that task addresses.

Observation Checklist

Tasks to be observed according to workplace/college/TAFE policy and procedures, relevant legislation and Codes of Practice Yes No Comments/feedback
Potential environmental or operational threats likely to affect flight safety are identified 
Actual environmental or operational threats that affect flight safety are identified 
Competing operational priorities and task demands that may represent a threat to flight safety flight are identified 
Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential threats, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members 
Flight progress and effect of countermeasures are monitored and assessed to ensure a safe outcome 
Alternative countermeasures are identified and implemented, and countermeasures are re-evaluated for effectiveness 
Checklists and standard operating procedures are implemented to prevent aircraft handling, procedural or communication errors 
Committed errors are identified and responded to before aircraft enters an undesired state 
Aircraft systems are monitored using a systematic scan technique to collect and analyse flight information for potential or actual error recognition purposes 
Flight operating environment is monitored to collect and analyse flight information for potential or actual error recognition purposes 
Team performance is monitored to recognise potential or actual error occurrence 
Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential errors, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members before aircraft enters an undesired state 
Effective decisions are made to manage actual and potential errors, and countermeasure tasks are identified and allocated to appropriate flight crew members to correct errors after aircraft enters an undesired state 
Undesired aircraft states are recognised 
Effective decisions are made to manage undesired aircraft states, and countermeasure tasks are allocated and prioritised to ensure an undesired aircraft state is managed effectively 
Corrective actions to recover an undesired aircraft state are applied in a safe and timely manner 
Relevant, current and sufficient information is gathered to assess and analyse situation for decision making 
Problem-solving strategies and techniques are used to identify and generate options 
Decisions are made and communicated to flight crew and implemented in a timely manner, in accordance with regulatory requirements and workplace procedures 
Decisions and actions are evaluated for their effectiveness and positive outcomes 
Decisions, their rationale and associated actions are documented and reported in accordance with regulatory requirements and workplace procedures 
Operational decisions and actions taken to manage threats and errors are reported and recorded in accordance with appropriate workplace procedures and regulatory requirements 

Forms

Assessment Cover Sheet

AVIF0009 - Manage threats and errors as pilot in command
Assessment task 1: [title]

Student name:

Student ID:

I declare that the assessment tasks submitted for this unit are my own work.

Student signature:

Result: Competent Not yet competent

Feedback to student

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assessor name:

Signature:

Date:

Assessment Record Sheet

AVIF0009 - Manage threats and errors as pilot in command

Student name:

Student ID:

Assessment task 1: [title] Result: Competent Not yet competent

(add lines for each task)

Feedback to student:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Overall assessment result: Competent Not yet competent

Assessor name:

Signature:

Date:

Student signature:

Date: