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Elements and Performance Criteria

  1. Recognise and manage actual and potential threats
  2. Recognise and manage actual and potential errors
  3. Recognise and manage undesired aircraft states
  4. Make effective decisions

Range Statement

Range is restricted to essential operating conditions and any other variables essential to the work environment.

Multi-crew operational threats must include one or more of the following:

events or errors that:

occur outside the influence of the flight crew

increase the operational complexity of the flight

require crew attention and management if safety margins are to be maintained

Errors must include one or more of the following:

individual or group actions or inactions that:

lead to a deviation from individual, group or organisational intentions or expectations

reduce safety margins

increase the probability of adverse operational events on the ground and/or during flight

Undesired aircraft states must include one or more of the following:

incorrect aircraft systems configuration associated with a reduced margin of safety

inappropriate flight mode awareness and selection

misapplication of flight controls

pilot induced aircraft position

pilot induced speed deviation


Performance Evidence

Evidence required to demonstrate competence in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements, performance criteria and range of conditions on at least one occasion and include:

actively listening to others in the operational environment

applying precautions and required action to minimise, control or eliminate identified hazards

applying relevant aeronautical knowledge

applying relevant legislation and workplace procedures

communicating effectively with others

delegating duties and tasks

determining and implementing appropriate countermeasures

giving and receiving instructions related to implementing threat and error management strategies

implementing contingency plans

implementing work health and safety (WHS)/occupational health and safety (OHS) procedures and relevant regulations

maintaining situational awareness

modifying activities depending on operational contingencies, risk levels and environments

operating and adapting to differences in communications equipment in accordance with standard operating procedures

planning own work, predicting consequences and identifying improvements

reading, interpreting and following relevant instructions, procedures, information and signs

reporting and rectifying identified problems, faults or malfunctions promptly in accordance with workplace procedures

responding appropriately to cultural differences in the workplace

responding to feedback from other flight or ground crew

supervising others when implementing threat and error management strategies

working collaboratively with others

working systematically with required attention to detail without injury to self or others, or damage to goods or equipment.


Knowledge Evidence

Evidence required to demonstrate competence in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements, performance criteria and range of conditions and include knowledge of:

application of situational awareness to identify real or potential environmental or operational threats to aviation safety

aspects of multi-crew operations that can prevent an undesired aircraft state

effective communication during normal, abnormal and emergency situations

leadership and supervision strategies

recognition techniques and management strategies for:

actual and potential threats

actual and potential errors

undesired aircraft states

relevant sections of Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASRs) and Civil Aviation Orders related to threat and error management (TEM)

removing and mitigating threats

removing and mitigating errors

safety philosophies

task management:

workload organisation and priority setting to ensure optimum safe outcome of the flight

event planning, in a logical and sequential manner

anticipating events to ensure sufficient opportunity is available for completion

using technology to reduce workload and improve cognitive and manipulative activities

task prioritisation and protection while filtering and managing real time information

TEM model:

principles and components of TEM

definition of threats

definition of errors

undesired aircraft states

TEM countermeasures.