Elements and Performance Criteria
- Calculate heat mixtures involving water equivalent, change of phase, and feed heating
- Key terms associated with heat transmission are explained
- Heat transfer is calculated between liquids and solids using water equivalent
- Flow is differentiated from non-flow heating and cooling processes
- Effects of superheating and sub-cooling on steam plant efficiency are outlined
- Mass balance throughout a steam plant cycle is constructed and effects of pressure and temperature on cycle efficiency are analysed
- Determine fluid properties of steam
- Relationship between saturated and superheated steam, including dryness fraction, is explained
- Regions on a temperature/enthalpy diagram are constructed and identified
- Steam tables are used to determine fluid properties
- Changes of enthalpy throughout a system are identified
- Operating principles and application in steam plants of throttling, separating and combined throttling, and separating calorimeters are explained
- Calorimeters are applied to determine dryness fraction of steam
- Calculate boiler efficiency and boiler water density
- Efficiency of saturated and superheated steam boilers is calculated
- Where loss of efficiency occurs is shown
- Concept of parts per million for density of boiler water is explained
- Changes in boiler water density due to contaminated feed are calculated
- How acceptable dissolved solids and water levels may be maintained in a boiler is shown
- Determine steam turbine velocity
- Principles and differences between pressure and velocity changes in reaction and impulse steam turbines are explained
- Velocity diagrams to calculate steam velocity at exit of nozzles and blades are applied
- Graphical and mathematical methods to determine blade angle, steam velocity, thrust, power, and efficiency of single stage impulse and reaction steam turbines are applied
- Calculate calorific value and the air fuel ratio for solid and liquid fuels
- Elements and compounds present in fuel and the products of combustion are evaluated
- Air/fuel ratio, gravimetric and volumetric analysis are explained
- Chemical equations for combustion elements and compounds are developed and elements of combustion are analysed
- Bomb calorimeter is used to find calorific value of a fuel
- Formula to calculate calorific value of a fuel from mass analysis of fuel is applied
- Air required for combustion is calculated
- Calculate thermal expansion
- Coefficient of linear expansion and its significance to different materials is explained
- Clearances and shrunk fit allowances are calculated
- Stresses generated with restricted expansion are calculated
- Volumetric expansion of solid and liquids, and allowance required for fluid expansion in tanks and systems is calculated
- Apply gas law equations
- Compression and pressure ratio is explained and related to combined gas law equation
- Combined gas law equation is applied to constant volume and constant pressure processes
- Specific gas constant of a gas or mixture of gases is calculated
- Differentiation is made between specific heat of gases, ratio of specific heats, work and change in internal energy
- Changes in internal energy associated with specific heat of gases, ratio of specific heats and work are calculated
- Calculate gas conditions, work and thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines
- Processes associated with expansion and compression of gases are explained
- Gas conditions and index of compression at end of each process are determined
- Work formula is derived for each process and derived formula is applied to calculate work and power per cycle
- Air standard cycle is applied to determine amount of fuel consumed and work produced by an internal combustion engine
- Differentiation is made between air standard efficiency and thermal efficiency
- Thermal efficiency of engine cycles is calculated
- Perform calculations related to refrigeration and air conditioning cycles
- Pressure/enthalpy diagram is applied to describe the refrigeration cycle
- Importance of superheating and under-cooling in determining stability and well-functioning of refrigeration systems is explained
- Properties and hazards of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems are identified
- Refrigeration tables are applied to calculate refrigeration effect, cooling load and coefficient of performance
- Basic air conditioning cycles are explained
- Wet and dry bulb temperatures are explained
- Humidity conditions are determined using psychrometric charts
- Solve heat transfer problems involving flat plates and thin cylinders
- Solve problems related to single and multi stage air compression
- Pressure–volume diagram is applied to describe operating cycle of reciprocating compressors
- Work done by constant pressure, isothermal processes and polytropic processes in reciprocating compressors is calculated
- Effect of clearance volume on efficiency of reciprocating compressors is explained
- Volumetric efficiency and free air discharge in reciprocating compressors is calculated
- Volume, mass flow and temperature are calculated at completion of each process in reciprocating compressors
- How inter-cooling and after-cooling affects overall efficiency of reciprocating compressors is explained
- Quantity of cooling water required by reciprocating compressors is calculated
- Perform calculations related to engine power and heat balances
- Indicator and timing diagrams for internal combustion engines are plotted
- Formula is applied to solve problems related to indicated power of internal combustion engines
- Formula is applied to solve problems related to brake power of internal combustion engines
- Morse test is applied to determine the indicated power of internal combustion engines
- Tabular and graphical heat balance diagrams are applied to calculate mechanical, thermal and overall efficiencies of internal combustion engines