aerodrome and en route holding procedures aircraft fuel planning including holding, alternate, fixed reserve and usage rates aircraft loading calculations and planning factors including: arm, moment, datum, station and index unit centre of gravity and limitations empty weight, zero fuel weight (ZFW), ramp weight mean aerodynamic chord (MAC) maximum take-off and landing weights airspace requirements and procedures under VFR conditions basic and general meteorological considerations and requirements for VFR flight basic meteorology: local weather forecasts and reports observations calculating maximum structural take-off and landing weights from performance charts CASR Part 61 Manual of Standards Schedule 3 Aeronautical Knowledge relevant to visual flight rules charts and publications: aeronautical information publication (AIP) visual chart types how to decode chart symbols how to interpret topographic detail how to estimate, measure and plot positions and distances on visual charts how to describe map projections used in aviation how to describe methods of representing scale computations and conversions of navigation data: airspeed ground speed time distance air temperatures and pressure heights bearings and tracks concepts of time: coordinated universal (UTC), local mean, local standard, local summer determine civil twilight time conversions daylight timing factors effects of earth rotation and revolution around the sun effects of changes in longitude on local mean time critical point and point of no return (PNR) density height calculations documents required to be carried on a visual flight equi-time point (ETP) and PNR diversion requirements factors affecting en route performance, range and endurance flight planning preparation: visual chart selection mandatory briefing requirements weather services available requirements and instructions for VFR flight notification general meteorology: atmospheric composition atmospheric stability heat temperature pressure humidity clouds and precipitation visibility wind air masses and fronts synoptic meteorology climatology weather services and information flight considerations how to determine climb, cruise and descent performance: time, speed, distance, fuel flow/quantity appropriate engine settings rates of climb/descent maximum aircraft range and endurance icing conditions and hazards limit of VFR operations in single-engine or multi-engine aircraft limitations and errors of navigational aids and systems flight plan preparation VFR cruising levels, selection and hazards VFR route planning requirements pilot medical fitness and qualifications necessary for visual flight pilot navigation principles: map reading chart orientation map to ground and ground to map position lines to establish ground speed, track error and position fix ground feature selection to establish position chart preparation and selection determine visual flight navigation information privileges of the VFR rating principles of navigation: forms of the earth procedures for flight plan amendments and revised estimates for a visual flight relevant WHS/OHS and environmental procedures and regulations relevant sections of Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASRs) and Civil Aviation Orders requirements for an alternate aerodrome requirements for in-flight progress reports requirements for submission of flight notification and search and rescue watch (SARWATCH) times specification of aircraft electrical lighting, radio communication and navigation equipment required for visual flight specification of aircraft flight instruments required for visual flight speed restrictions for visual flight usage of 2D radio navigation aids for visual flight navigation use of a navigational computer validity of a given meteorological forecast for a visual flight visual and instrument flight rules and procedures weight and balance calculations. |