8) Essential Knowledge and Associated Skills (EKAS): This describes the essential skills and knowledge and their level, required for this unit. Evidence shall show that knowledge has been acquired of designing overhead transmission systems. All knowledge and skills detailed in this unit should be contextualised to current industry practices and technologies. KS01-TDS57A Power system overhead transmission systems Evidence shall show an understanding of designing power system transmission systems to an extent indicated by the following aspects: T1 Generation systems encompassing: Methods of generating electricity - types of power stations and reasons for their location, layout of thermal and hydroelectric power stations Relationship between power control and load requirements - operating speeds for thermal and hydroelectric generating sets, typical generator voltage levels and output ratings The purpose and features of typical types of co-generation systems T2 Transmission structures and hardware encompassing: Requirements for the use of enterprise construction manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Types of structures Types and function of associated hardware/equipment and insulators Types of conductors Location of transmissions structures Other equipment used on transmission structures, e.g. aircraft warning devices Voltages on transmission structures T3 Procedures for routine maintenance on transmission structures and hardware encompassing: Procedures for gaining access permits Reasons for gaining access Types of maintenance procedures on transmission structures - procedure to follow for inspection/patrols according to the Transmission Supply Authority Erecting and removing of transmission equipment and hardware from a tower - climbing procedures, square rigging principles, calculation of forces at work within a given square rigging system and construction of a square rigging system Procedures for changing insulators - vertical angle suspension, strain insulator, post insulator (horizontal or vertical) and bridge insulator, calculation of conductor forces Installation of temporary work platforms - types and function of installation tools and equipment, precautions and work methods to follow and procedures for installations of temporary work platforms Installation of conductor protective hardware - types and selection of common dampers, tools and equipment, control of Aeolian vibration and procedures for the installation of dampers onto conductors Dead line insulator washing - supply Authority regulations and procedure for washing de-energised transmission lines T4 Procedures for installation and maintenance on transmission lines, structures and hardware encompassing: Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements pertaining to the installation and maintenance of transmission lines and associated equipment Requirements for the use of enterprise construction manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings - minimum construction clearances for transmission lines and sag/tension requirements Construction types and structures used in transmission lines Types, sizes and characteristics of transmission conductors - aluminium conductors steel reinforced and earthing conductors Types of electrical connections used to connect transmission conductors - compression termination and bolted termination Causes and effects of poor electrical connections Types and application of specialised tools, equipment and hardware for the stringing of transmission conductors Techniques for stringing, tensioning and terminating transmission conductors Techniques for installation of associated hardware used on transmission towers Techniques for maintenance of damage transmission conductors - repair and replacement T5 Inspection of towers and structures used for transmission lines encompassing: Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements Characteristics of materials used for towers structures within the electrical transmission system - faults that occur that influence the integrity of the structure Deterioration prevention techniques - relationship between steel, and other materials, inspection procedures for deterioration, deterioration prevention procedures in steel and procedures for the repair of deterioration in steel T6 Inspection of transmission lines encompassing: Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements Clearances and safety procedures Ground line inspection procedures of electrical transmission lines - requirements for inspection of transmission lines and insulators, use of specific equipment and testing devices during testing/inspection, techniques in transmission line inspection and methods of recording data Overhead line inspection procedures of electrical transmission lines - methods and requirements for overhead line inspection on electrical structures, clearances for overhead conductors, cables and structures, techniques used to obtain close inspection of transmission lines, use of specific equipment and testing devices during testing/inspection and methods of recording data T7 Plant, equipment and tools used for HV live line work encompassing: Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, Standards, codes, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with plant, equipment and tools used for HV live line work Safety precautions when working on plant, equipment and tools using hotstick combined - safe working clearances, Occupational Health and Safety hazards and precautions, identification of OHS hazards, assessing and controlling risks, types, selection, maintenance, storage and uses of personnel protective equipment and Authorisation to work systems Identification of plant, equipment and tools used for HV live line work - types, applications, construction, characteristics, limitations and Safe working load Serviceability of plant, equipment and tools used for HV live line work - inspection procedures, testing procedures, maintenance procedures and storage procedures Relationship of live line work access authority/permit, disabling auto-reclose function and ensuring correct functioning of fault current protective devices prior to live line work Live line access authorities, disabling auto-reclose function and ensuring fault current protective devices prior to live line work Conductor supports encompassing: methods, types of equipment, construction, characteristics and limitations Techniques in selecting appropriate conductor support method in accordance with requirements Calculation of loads and wind loading on conductors Effects of resultant forces when transferring conductor loads Rigging procedures for conductor support equipment T8 High voltage switching principles encompassing: Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements applicable to switching of high voltage to a given schedule Requirements for the use of manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings - types, characteristics and capabilities of electrical apparatus, use, characteristics and capabilities of specialised tools and testing equipment and network interconnectors source of possible backfeed Role of the HV switching operator Operational forms, access authorities and permits associated with HV switching - types of operational forms, access authorities and permits and the purpose and procedure for operational forms, access authorities and permits Use and operation of equipment associated with HV overhead and substation equipment - test instruments, sticks, interrupters and arc stranglers Types and categories of HV switchgear Application, function and operating capabilities of switchgear Restrictions pertaining to HV switching equipment Procedures for the isolation of HV transmission main and working earths Earthing HV electrical apparatus practices and procedures for access - purposes of “Operational” and additional work part “on-site” earths, factors determining the location and effectiveness of “Operational” earthing, acceptable industry procedures and personal protective equipment High voltage switching techniques Operate switching apparatus - identifying hazards, assessing and controlling risks associated with HV switchgear operation, systematic and defensive techniques, mobile radio procedures and double isolation procedures T9 Feeder automation system encompassing: Function of feeder automation system and the main components Operation procedure for a remote field device from a local control station Functions of “System Control and Date Acquisition” (SCADA) (or any other relevant Data Acquisition and Control) systems and its main components SCADA system security interlocks and access restrictions SCADA system operation when switching apparatus or retrieving data via a remote access device such as; Remote Access Terminal (RAT), Dial Up Voice Annunciated System and Local Control Station Function of the main components of a local/remote control system Operation of a field devices using SCADA systems via a Remote Access Terminal (RAT), Dial Up Annunciated System and Local Control Station T10 HV overhead and substation switching principles encompassing: Legislation, Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements applicable to HV overhead and substation switching Requirements for the use of manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings - types, characteristics and capabilities of HV electrical equipment to be switched, use, characteristics and capabilities of specialised tools and testing equipment Role and responsibilities of the HV switching operator Operational forms, access authorities and permits hazard/risk assessments associated with HV switching - types of operational forms, access authorities and permits hazard/risk assessments and the purpose and procedure for operational forms, access authorities and hazard/risk assessments Use and operation of equipment associated with HV overhead and substation equipment - test instruments, sticks, interrupters and arc stranglers HV switchgear encompassing: types, categories, application and operating capabilities Operation of HV overhead switching or indicating devices - fuses; disconnect fuses; load switching; live line indicators; capacitors; reclosers; sectionalisers, underslung links, airbreaks; switches, disconnects; live line clamps; phasing sticks; phasing tester Operation of protection systems and substation equipment - fault levels and settings; types and applications; protection systems and substation equipment fault levels and settings; types and applications Restrictions pertaining to HV switching equipment Procedures for the isolation of HV mains and working earths - earthing HV electrical apparatus practices and procedures for access authority issuing; HV switching techniques; Operate switching apparatus - identifying hazards, assessing and controlling risks associated with HV switchgear operation, systematic and defensive techniques, mobile radio procedures and double isolation procedures T11 AC transmission system components encompassing: Support structures and reasons for selection Insulators and reasons for selection Conductors and reasons for selection Vibration management systems and principles Line ratings based on voltage, span, tension and temperature T12 AC transmission line electrical parameters encompassing: Typical arrangements Parameters of significance Calculation of line parameters - calculation of resistive, inductive and capacitive values assuming regular transposition and solid conductors Comparison with actual values Typical parameter values and ratios for different voltage level lines. T13 AC transmission line models encompassing: Types of transmission line models based on line length Calculation of voltage drop, line regulation, and transmission efficiency Load sharing between lines. T14 Basic design features and characteristics of transmission structures and associated equipment and or components encompassing: Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements applicable to installing of poles/structures and associated equipment and or components Transmission systems principles - terminologies, primary and secondary, voltage levels and types of lines Characteristics of structure - types of structure (towers and poles, concrete and steel), characteristics of types of structures, installation methods and maintenance techniques Characteristics of associated equipment used on structures - insulators and earthing including overhead earth and communication lines T15 Voltage control techniques encompassing: Conditions leading to voltage collapse Effects on system of high and low voltage Voltage control devices - voltage regulators applied to generators and synchronous phase modifiers, electromagnetic voltage regulators, series and parallel capacitors, OLTC transformers and static VAR compensators (SVC’s). SVC’s includes saturated reactor compensators; thyristor controlled reactor compensators and combined systems Production of harmonics and methods of harmonic control Location of voltage control devices within the system T16 Corona encompassing: Factors leading to the generation of corona - voltage levels, conductor spacings, conductor sizes and shaping, atmospheric conditions Consequences of corona Corona reduction - conductor selection, conductor bundling, conductor surface treatment, grading rings Internal discharge - causes of internal discharge, effects of internal discharge, testing techniques T17 Effects of harmonics encompassing: Characteristics and effects of harmonics on protection device functions/malfunction Effects of harmonics on the following: transformers, generators, motors and quality of supply T18 HV system load calculation principles encompassing: Structure of HV systems Ratings of HV system components Relationship to HV customers Methods of determining load on HV systems Records of load on HV systems Effect of added load on HV feeders: note examples include variation of current, voltage, power, reactive power and power factor Load flows in parallel or loop operation Enterprise specific network coordination tools T19 EHV system load calculation principles encompassing: Structure of EHV transmission systems Ratings of EHV system components Relationship to EHV customers Relationship to generation sources Methods of determining load on EHV systems Records of load on EHV systems Effect of added load on EHV transmission systems - variation of current, voltage, power, reactive power and power factor Load flows in parallel or loop operation Enterprise specific network coordination tools |