Work must be carried out in compliance with the relevant licence and aircraft rating requirements of the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) and/or ADF; airspace control requirements and Day Visual Flight Rules (Day VFR); and aircraft control principles, regulations, safety codes, protocols and procedures required to manage abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations.

Use for ADF Aviation is to be in accordance with relevant Defence Orders and Instructions and applicable CASA compliance.

Operations are conducted as part of commercial and military aircraft activities across a variety of operational contexts within the Australian aviation industry.

Work is performed under limited supervision.

This unit of competency is nominally packaged at Certificate IV.

Note:

Where an abnormal situation might potentially cause damage to the aircraft and/or be harmful to personnel, evidence for assessment purposes should be obtained from other than observation of performance in an actual abnormal operational situation (e.g. through using an appropriate simulator and/or structured questioning, or termination of a simulated forced landing at a point where the assessment of an outcome can be made).

ELEMENT

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

1Manage a forced landing from level flight, after take-off or on approach

1.1 Emergency situation requiring a forced landing is correctly identified

1.2 Autorotative flight is entered and established at nominated speed and heading in balanced flight

1.3 Immediate actions are performed in accordance with Flight Manual/Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)

1.4 A landing area within autorotative distance is selected and an appropriate action plan is formulated to ensure safety of helicopter

1.5 Priorities are allocated to all actions to ensure the safety of helicopter and its passengers

1.6 Emergency procedures are performed in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and established action plan

1.7 Emergency radio transmissions are executed in accordance with workplace procedures, Flight Manual/POH and regulatory requirements

1.8 Helicopter is landed into wind with as slow as practical ground speed while maintaining control of helicopter

2Manage an engine failure at the hover or during taxi

2.1 Hover and taxi surfaces are suitably selected to maximise options in the event of an engine failure

2.2 Emergency situation involving an engine failure is correctly identified

2.3 Immediate actions are performed in accordance with Flight Manual/POH

2.4 A landing area within autorotative distance is selected and an appropriate pre-determined action plan is implemented to ensure safety of helicopter

2.5 Actions comply with established procedures

2.6 Priorities are allocated to all actions to ensure safety of helicopter

2.7 Emergency procedures are performed in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and established action plan

2.8 Air Traffic Service and other traffic are advised of intentions

2.9 Helicopter is operated outside the height/velocity diagram avoid area

2.10 Situation awareness is maintained at all times during helicopter manoeuvres

3Manage a tail rotor malfunction

3.1 Hover heights and surfaces are selected to maximise options in the event of tail rotor malfunction

3.2 A tail rotor malfunction is correctly identified in accordance with workplace procedures and manufacturers instructions

3.3 In the event of a tail rotor malfunction, immediate actions are performed in accordance with Flight Manual/POH

3.4 In a tail rotor emergency during the hover or taxi, the helicopter is landed in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, workplace procedures and regulatory requirements

3.5 In a tail rotor emergency during flight, control of the helicopter is established and a suitable landing area is selected

3.6 All emergency checks are performed in accordance with the Flight Manual/POH and a plan is formulated to achieve an approach and landing

3.7 Emergency radio messages of intentions are transmitted

3.8 A controlled emergency landing with a malfunctioning tail rotor is performed in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, workplace procedures and regulatory requirements

4Manage a jammed flight control system

4.1 The jammed flight control malfunction is correctly identified in accordance with workplace procedures and manufacturers instructions

4.2 Control of helicopter is maintained

4.3 All emergency checks are performed in accordance with the Flight Manual/POH

4.4 An appropriate plan is formulated to achieve an approach and landing

4.5 Emergency radiotelephone procedures are correctly followed

4.6 A controlled landing with a jammed flight control is in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, workplace procedures and regulatory requirements

4.7 Situation awareness is maintained at all times during helicopter manoeuvres

5Manage adverse aerodynamic conditions

5.1 Adverse aerodynamic conditions affecting the helicopter are correctly identified

5.2 Control of the helicopter is regained in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, workplace procedures and manufacturers instructions

5.3 Lookout is maintained using a systematic scan technique at a rate determined by traffic density, visibility or terrain

5.4 Situation awareness is maintained at all times during helicopter manoeuvres

6Manage a malfunction of a helicopter operating system

6.1 Abnormal situations involving a helicopter systems malfunction are correctly identified

6.2 Appropriate emergency procedures are conducted in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and published procedures while maintaining control of the helicopter

6.3 Approved Flight Manual/POH and published procedures are consistently applied when managing systems malfunctions

6.4 Situation awareness is maintained at all times during a system malfunction

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

This describes the essential knowledge and skills and their level required for this unit.

Required knowledge:

Relevant sections of Civil Aviation Safety Regulations and Civil Aviation Orders pertaining to abnormal flight situations

Relevant OH&S and environmental procedures and regulations

Basic principles of aerodynamics

Purpose and functions of helicopter systems

Functions and effects of all helicopter controls

Aerodynamic factors affecting helicopter flight performance

Low level weather and topography effects

Emergency procedures

All applicable checklist items

Practical action plans for use in the event of an engine failure

Procedures for the use of performance charts

Application of the height/velocity diagram/graph

Local air traffic control procedures and instructions

Emergency radio procedures

Actions to be conducted following a forced landing

Hazards and risks when managing a helicopter in abnormal and emergency flight situations and precautions for controlling the risks

Problems that may occur when managing a helicopter in abnormal and emergency flight situations and appropriate action that should be taken in each case

Required skills:

Apply the knowledge to the management of a helicopter in abnormal and emergency situations

Select and use relevant equipment for the management of a helicopter in abnormal and emergency situations

Read and interpret instructions, procedures and information relevant to the management of a helicopter in abnormal and emergency situations

Use instruments to monitor helicopter performance

Interpret/use a helicopter manufacturers height/velocity diagram/graph

Solve problems associated with the management of a helicopter in abnormal and emergency situations

Communicate effectively with others when managing abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations

Read and interpret instructions, regulations, procedures and other information relevant to abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations

Interpret and follow operational instructions and prioritise work

Complete documentation related to abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations

Operate electronic communication equipment to required protocol

Work collaboratively with others when managing abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations

Adapt appropriately to cultural differences in the workplace, including modes of behaviour and interactions with others

Promptly report and/or rectify any identified problems that may occur when managing abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations in accordance with regulatory requirements and workplace procedures

Implement contingency plans for unexpected events that may arise when managing abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations

Apply precautions and required action to minimise, control or eliminate hazards that may exist during abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations

Monitor and anticipate operational problems and hazards and take appropriate action

Monitor work activities in terms of planned schedule

Modify activities dependent on differing workplace contingencies, situations and environments

Work systematically with required attention to detail without injury to self or others, or damage to goods or equipment

Adapt to differences in equipment and operating environment in accordance with standard operating procedures

Select and use required personal protective equipment conforming to industry and OH&S standards

Implement OH&S procedures and relevant regulations

Identify and correctly use equipment required to manage abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations

The Evidence Guide provides advice on assessment and must be read in conjunction with the performance criteria, required knowledge and skills, the range statement and the assessment guidelines for this Training Package.

Critical aspects for assessment and evidence required to demonstrate competency in this unit

The evidence required to demonstrate competency in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements and performance criteria of this unit and include demonstration of applying:

the underpinning knowledge and skills

relevant legislation and workplace procedures

other relevant aspects of the range statement

Context of and specific resources for assessment

Performance is demonstrated consistently over a period of time and in a suitable range of contexts

Resources for assessment include:

a range of relevant exercises, case studies and/or other simulated practical and knowledge assessment, and/or

access to an appropriate range of relevant operational situations in the workplace

In both real and simulated environments, access is required to:

relevant and appropriate materials and equipment, and

applicable documentation including workplace procedures, regulations, codes of practice and operation manuals

Method of assessment

Assessment of this unit must be undertaken by a registered training organisation

As a minimum, assessment of knowledge must be conducted through appropriate written/oral tests

Practical assessment must occur:

through activities in an appropriately simulated environment at the registered training organisation, and/or

in an appropriate range of situations in the workplace

The range statement relates to the unit of competency as a whole. It allows for different work environments and situations that may affect performance.

Tasks may be undertaken in:

variable weather conditions in accordance with Day Visual Flight Rules

Performance may be demonstrated in:

single engine helicopter

multi engine helicopter

single main rotor helicopter

multi main rotor helicopter

variable air traffic conditions

variable flight situations

abnormal situations

Performance may be demonstrated on an helicopter with:

fully functioning dual controls

an electronic intercom system

dual control brakes

wheeled or skidded undercarriage

Crew may include:

single pilot

multi crew

Limitations may be imposed by:

local noise abatement requirements and curfews

Classes of airspace are:

those designated by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority

Landing areas may include:

sealed

gravel

grass

confined area

sloping ground

sand

Abnormal conditions may include:

a forced landing from level flight, after take-off or on approach

an engine failure at the hover or during taxi

a tail rotor malfunction

a jammed flight control system

adverse aerodynamic conditions

a malfunction of one of the helicopter's operating systems

Adverse aerodynamic conditions affecting the helicopter may include:

vortex ring state

overpitching

retreating blade stall

loss of tail rotor effectiveness

ground resonance

mast bumping

dynamic roll over

Systems malfunctions may include:

fuel

electrical

helicopter airframe

flight instrument

flight control

engine

radio/navigation aid

fire

smoke and fumes

hydro mechanical systems

Operational hazards during abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations may include:

variable surface conditions

other aircraft

loose objects

personnel

animals

birds

propeller/tail rotor/rotor wash and jet blast

Guidance during abnormal and emergency helicopter flight situations may be provided by:

air traffic control instructions

light signals

aerodrome markings

Checklists may include:

pre-flight

pre-start

engine start

pre-taxi

take-off

after take-off

approach and landing

shutdown

post-flight

Dependent on the type of organisation concerned and the local terminology used, workplace procedures may include:

company procedures

enterprise procedures

organisational procedures

established procedures

standard operating procedures

Procedures maintaining compliance with airspace requirements are:

geographical limits of the flight area is demonstrated on a chart

prominent geographical features are identified using a chart

the limits of the flight area are identified on the ground

the position of controlled airspace is determined using a chart and geographical features

restricted areas are identified using a chart and geographical features

departure from the circuit area and transition to the flight area is completed without incident

departure from the flight area and transition to the circuit area is completed without incident

Information/documents may include:

relevant sections of Civil Aviation Safety Regulations and Civil Aviation Orders including Day Visual Flight Rules (Day VFR)

in Defence context, relevant Defence Orders and Instructions

Flight Manual/Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH)

Manual of Standards - Pilot Licensing (MOS-PL)

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

En Route Supplement Australia (ERSA)

charts

operations manuals

approved checklists

workplace procedures and instructions and job specification

induction and training materials

conditions of service, legislation and industrial agreements including workplace agreements and awards

Applicable regulations and legislation may include:

relevant Civil Aviation Safety Regulations and Civil Aviation Orders

in Defence context, relevant Defence Orders and Instructions

relevant state/territory OH&S legislation

relevant state/territory environmental protection legislation

relevant Australian Standards

Performance includes tolerances specified in either of:

relevant licence and aircraft rating requirements of the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) such as:

Day VFR Syllabus

Manual of Standards

relevant Defence documentation such as:

Defence Orders and Instructions

approved curricula and training documentation

Y - Aircraft Operation and Traffic Management

This unit contains employability skills.