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Evidence Guide: MARL034 - Demonstrate advanced knowledge of marine electrical systems

Student: __________________________________________________

Signature: _________________________________________________

Tips for gathering evidence to demonstrate your skills

The important thing to remember when gathering evidence is that the more evidence the better - that is, the more evidence you gather to demonstrate your skills, the more confident an assessor can be that you have learned the skills not just at one point in time, but are continuing to apply and develop those skills (as opposed to just learning for the test!). Furthermore, one piece of evidence that you collect will not usualy demonstrate all the required criteria for a unit of competency, whereas multiple overlapping pieces of evidence will usually do the trick!

From the Wiki University

 

MARL034 - Demonstrate advanced knowledge of marine electrical systems

What evidence can you provide to prove your understanding of each of the following citeria?

Evaluate advanced electrical layout systems

  1. Effects of power factor changes on prime mover, alternator and electrical system are analysed
  2. Methods of altering load power factor by means of capacitors or synchronous machines are explained
  3. Methods of obtaining constant frequency from a variable frequency output such as a main engine driven alternator and/or variable speed drives for a self discharging equipment are explained
  4. Protecting systems available for shaft driven alternators are evaluated
Effects of power factor changes on prime mover, alternator and electrical system are analysed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Methods of altering load power factor by means of capacitors or synchronous machines are explained

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Methods of obtaining constant frequency from a variable frequency output such as a main engine driven alternator and/or variable speed drives for a self discharging equipment are explained

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Protecting systems available for shaft driven alternators are evaluated

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Analyse construction and principles of operation of different types of marine alternators

  1. Construction and operating parameters of different types of marine alternators are compared and contrasted
  2. Cooling systems, leak detection, monitoring and protection systems in different types of marine alternators are compared and contrasted
  3. Procedures for drying out an alternator with a low insulation resistance are explained
  4. Excitation systems and methods of flashing alternator after loss of excitation are appraised
  5. Systems used for protecting against high winding temperatures, circulating currents, loss of excitation and internal short circuit are evaluated
Construction and operating parameters of different types of marine alternators are compared and contrasted

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cooling systems, leak detection, monitoring and protection systems in different types of marine alternators are compared and contrasted

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Procedures for drying out an alternator with a low insulation resistance are explained

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Excitation systems and methods of flashing alternator after loss of excitation are appraised

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Systems used for protecting against high winding temperatures, circulating currents, loss of excitation and internal short circuit are evaluated

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Analyse different types of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) marine motors

  1. Different types and applications of marine motors are compared and contrasted
  2. Difference between types of encapsulation is explained and where they should be used is justified
  3. Motor ratings and effect of overloading on different types of motor are assessed
  4. Possible operational problems associated with marine motors are analysed and appropriate remedial action is devised
  5. Procedure for drying out a motor that has become unserviceable due to either long-term storage or immersion in seawater is formulated
  6. Effects of operating star connected motors compared with delta connected motors are distinguished and when this may be required is suggested
  7. Different types and applications of special motors for deck and cargo operation are analysed
Different types and applications of marine motors are compared and contrasted

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Difference between types of encapsulation is explained and where they should be used is justified

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Motor ratings and effect of overloading on different types of motor are assessed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Possible operational problems associated with marine motors are analysed and appropriate remedial action is devised

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Procedure for drying out a motor that has become unserviceable due to either long-term storage or immersion in seawater is formulated

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Effects of operating star connected motors compared with delta connected motors are distinguished and when this may be required is suggested

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Different types and applications of special motors for deck and cargo operation are analysed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Analyse requirements of motor starters for 3 phase and synchronous motors

  1. Differentiation is established between different types of motor starters
  2. Different types of starters are evaluated in terms of starting torque and current, and are compared to particular motor applications
  3. Simple starter circuit diagrams are evaluated and operating principles of motor starters are explained
  4. Documentation and circuit and wiring diagrams are used for fault-finding in motor starters
  5. Routine maintenance program for monitoring vibration and insulation resistance levels of motors is designed
Differentiation is established between different types of motor starters

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Different types of starters are evaluated in terms of starting torque and current, and are compared to particular motor applications

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Simple starter circuit diagrams are evaluated and operating principles of motor starters are explained

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Documentation and circuit and wiring diagrams are used for fault-finding in motor starters

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Routine maintenance program for monitoring vibration and insulation resistance levels of motors is designed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Analyse lighting systems used on board ships

  1. Common types and applications of lighting systems are evaluated
  2. Distribution layout systems are explained
  3. Fault-finding method for lights and starter systems, including lighting in hazardous areas, is planned using circuit diagrams
Common types and applications of lighting systems are evaluated

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Distribution layout systems are explained

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fault-finding method for lights and starter systems, including lighting in hazardous areas, is planned using circuit diagrams

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Evaluate alternator excitation system design

  1. Different types of excitation systems and impact of load changes are compared
  2. Type, location and function of components involved in excitation are examined
  3. Function, cooling, failure mode and procedures for testing and changing diodes are explained
  4. Functions of an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and how it may be incorporated into an excitation system are explained
  5. Process of fault-finding in an AVR and types, causes and remedies of common problems are explained
  6. The impact excitation systems have on output in normal and adverse circumstances is assessed
Different types of excitation systems and impact of load changes are compared

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Type, location and function of components involved in excitation are examined

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Function, cooling, failure mode and procedures for testing and changing diodes are explained

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Functions of an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and how it may be incorporated into an excitation system are explained

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Process of fault-finding in an AVR and types, causes and remedies of common problems are explained

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The impact excitation systems have on output in normal and adverse circumstances is assessed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Analyse power management and UPS fitted to vessels

  1. Operational functions of power management systems during high load, overload and short circuit conditions are analysed
  2. Functions and components of UPS systems are evaluated
  3. Limitations of power management and UPS fitted to vessels are analysed
  4. System response under possible fault conditions of vessel power management and UPS are determined
Operational functions of power management systems during high load, overload and short circuit conditions are analysed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Functions and components of UPS systems are evaluated

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Limitations of power management and UPS fitted to vessels are analysed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

System response under possible fault conditions of vessel power management and UPS are determined

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Analyse vessel cathodic protection system

  1. Cathodic protection systems and how they interact are analysed
  2. Components of cathodic protection systems are identified and life cycle maintenance program is prepared
  3. Modifications required for operating parameters of cathodic protection systems when operating alongside an active wharf or another vessel are determined
  4. Likely causes of corrosion in relation to size, location or distribution of anodes or current densities are assessed
  5. Other corrosion problems in shipboard environment that may be cause of electrical problems are appraised
Cathodic protection systems and how they interact are analysed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Components of cathodic protection systems are identified and life cycle maintenance program is prepared

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Modifications required for operating parameters of cathodic protection systems when operating alongside an active wharf or another vessel are determined

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Likely causes of corrosion in relation to size, location or distribution of anodes or current densities are assessed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Other corrosion problems in shipboard environment that may be cause of electrical problems are appraised

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assess requirements and components associated with electrical systems for hazardous spaces on board vessels

  1. Different types, limitation and nameplate identification of ‘E’ equipment are compared
  2. Requirements of classification societies are distinguished from administrations regarding electrical installations on board vessels
  3. Lighting and power supply requirements of pump rooms are identified
  4. Safety requirements for electrical equipment and safety practices on board vessels and how these are extended when alongside a berth are analysed
Different types, limitation and nameplate identification of ‘E’ equipment are compared

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Requirements of classification societies are distinguished from administrations regarding electrical installations on board vessels

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lighting and power supply requirements of pump rooms are identified

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Safety requirements for electrical equipment and safety practices on board vessels and how these are extended when alongside a berth are analysed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assess existing electrical shipboard equipment

  1. Existing and new shipboard electrical equipment and systems are compared to assess future requirements as well as potential problems and preventative measures
  2. Performance of existing shipboard electrical equipment and systems is analysed and cost effectiveness studies for modifications or improvements are prepared
  3. Factors involved in commissioning new electrical plant are evaluated
  4. Procedures involved in organising survey of existing plant are outlined
  5. Procedures involved in making recommendations for new systems consistent with modified new ship building requirements are outlined
Existing and new shipboard electrical equipment and systems are compared to assess future requirements as well as potential problems and preventative measures

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Performance of existing shipboard electrical equipment and systems is analysed and cost effectiveness studies for modifications or improvements are prepared

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Factors involved in commissioning new electrical plant are evaluated

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Procedures involved in organising survey of existing plant are outlined

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Procedures involved in making recommendations for new systems consistent with modified new ship building requirements are outlined

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appraise high voltage electrical motor propulsion systems

  1. Safety requirements for working with high voltage systems are identified
  2. Use of high voltage systems for propulsion and cargo handling is evaluated
  3. Safe maintenance methods for high voltage switchgear and machines are analysed
Safety requirements for working with high voltage systems are identified

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Use of high voltage systems for propulsion and cargo handling is evaluated

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Safe maintenance methods for high voltage switchgear and machines are analysed

Completed
Date:

Teacher:		 Evidence:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assessed

Teacher: ___________________________________ Date: _________

Signature: ________________________________________________

Comments:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Instructions to Assessors

Evidence Guide

Elements describe the essential outcomes.

Performance criteria describe the performance needed to demonstrate achievement of the element.

1

Evaluate advanced electrical layout systems

1.1

Effects of power factor changes on prime mover, alternator and electrical system are analysed

1.2

Methods of altering load power factor by means of capacitors or synchronous machines are explained

1.3

Methods of obtaining constant frequency from a variable frequency output such as a main engine driven alternator and/or variable speed drives for a self discharging equipment are explained

1.4

Protecting systems available for shaft driven alternators are evaluated

2

Analyse construction and principles of operation of different types of marine alternators

2.1

Construction and operating parameters of different types of marine alternators are compared and contrasted

2.2

Cooling systems, leak detection, monitoring and protection systems in different types of marine alternators are compared and contrasted

2.3

Procedures for drying out an alternator with a low insulation resistance are explained

2.4

Excitation systems and methods of flashing alternator after loss of excitation are appraised

2.5

Systems used for protecting against high winding temperatures, circulating currents, loss of excitation and internal short circuit are evaluated

3

Analyse different types of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) marine motors

3.1

Different types and applications of marine motors are compared and contrasted

3.2

Difference between types of encapsulation is explained and where they should be used is justified

3.3

Motor ratings and effect of overloading on different types of motor are assessed

3.4

Possible operational problems associated with marine motors are analysed and appropriate remedial action is devised

3.5

Procedure for drying out a motor that has become unserviceable due to either long-term storage or immersion in seawater is formulated

3.6

Effects of operating star connected motors compared with delta connected motors are distinguished and when this may be required is suggested

3.7

Different types and applications of special motors for deck and cargo operation are analysed

4

Analyse requirements of motor starters for 3 phase and synchronous motors

4.1

Differentiation is established between different types of motor starters

4.2

Different types of starters are evaluated in terms of starting torque and current, and are compared to particular motor applications

4.3

Simple starter circuit diagrams are evaluated and operating principles of motor starters are explained

4.4

Documentation and circuit and wiring diagrams are used for fault-finding in motor starters

4.5

Routine maintenance program for monitoring vibration and insulation resistance levels of motors is designed

5

Analyse lighting systems used on board ships

5.1

Common types and applications of lighting systems are evaluated

5.2

Distribution layout systems are explained

5.3

Fault-finding method for lights and starter systems, including lighting in hazardous areas, is planned using circuit diagrams

6

Evaluate alternator excitation system design

6.1

Different types of excitation systems and impact of load changes are compared

6.2

Type, location and function of components involved in excitation are examined

6.3

Function, cooling, failure mode and procedures for testing and changing diodes are explained

6.4

Functions of an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and how it may be incorporated into an excitation system are explained

6.5

Process of fault-finding in an AVR and types, causes and remedies of common problems are explained

6.6

The impact excitation systems have on output in normal and adverse circumstances is assessed

7

Analyse power management and UPS fitted to vessels

7.1

Operational functions of power management systems during high load, overload and short circuit conditions are analysed

7.2

Functions and components of UPS systems are evaluated

7.3

Limitations of power management and UPS fitted to vessels are analysed

7.4

System response under possible fault conditions of vessel power management and UPS are determined

8

Analyse vessel cathodic protection system

8.1

Cathodic protection systems and how they interact are analysed

8.2

Components of cathodic protection systems are identified and life cycle maintenance program is prepared

8.3

Modifications required for operating parameters of cathodic protection systems when operating alongside an active wharf or another vessel are determined

8.4

Likely causes of corrosion in relation to size, location or distribution of anodes or current densities are assessed

8.5

Other corrosion problems in shipboard environment that may be cause of electrical problems are appraised

9

Assess requirements and components associated with electrical systems for hazardous spaces on board vessels

9.1

Different types, limitation and nameplate identification of ‘E’ equipment are compared

9.2

Requirements of classification societies are distinguished from administrations regarding electrical installations on board vessels

9.3

Lighting and power supply requirements of pump rooms are identified

9.4

Safety requirements for electrical equipment and safety practices on board vessels and how these are extended when alongside a berth are analysed

10

Assess existing electrical shipboard equipment

10.1

Existing and new shipboard electrical equipment and systems are compared to assess future requirements as well as potential problems and preventative measures

10.2

Performance of existing shipboard electrical equipment and systems is analysed and cost effectiveness studies for modifications or improvements are prepared

10.3

Factors involved in commissioning new electrical plant are evaluated

10.4

Procedures involved in organising survey of existing plant are outlined

10.5

Procedures involved in making recommendations for new systems consistent with modified new ship building requirements are outlined

11

Appraise high voltage electrical motor propulsion systems

11.1

Safety requirements for working with high voltage systems are identified

11.2

Use of high voltage systems for propulsion and cargo handling is evaluated

11.3

Safe maintenance methods for high voltage switchgear and machines are analysed

Required Skills and Knowledge

Elements describe the essential outcomes.

Performance criteria describe the performance needed to demonstrate achievement of the element.

1

Evaluate advanced electrical layout systems

1.1

Effects of power factor changes on prime mover, alternator and electrical system are analysed

1.2

Methods of altering load power factor by means of capacitors or synchronous machines are explained

1.3

Methods of obtaining constant frequency from a variable frequency output such as a main engine driven alternator and/or variable speed drives for a self discharging equipment are explained

1.4

Protecting systems available for shaft driven alternators are evaluated

2

Analyse construction and principles of operation of different types of marine alternators

2.1

Construction and operating parameters of different types of marine alternators are compared and contrasted

2.2

Cooling systems, leak detection, monitoring and protection systems in different types of marine alternators are compared and contrasted

2.3

Procedures for drying out an alternator with a low insulation resistance are explained

2.4

Excitation systems and methods of flashing alternator after loss of excitation are appraised

2.5

Systems used for protecting against high winding temperatures, circulating currents, loss of excitation and internal short circuit are evaluated

3

Analyse different types of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) marine motors

3.1

Different types and applications of marine motors are compared and contrasted

3.2

Difference between types of encapsulation is explained and where they should be used is justified

3.3

Motor ratings and effect of overloading on different types of motor are assessed

3.4

Possible operational problems associated with marine motors are analysed and appropriate remedial action is devised

3.5

Procedure for drying out a motor that has become unserviceable due to either long-term storage or immersion in seawater is formulated

3.6

Effects of operating star connected motors compared with delta connected motors are distinguished and when this may be required is suggested

3.7

Different types and applications of special motors for deck and cargo operation are analysed

4

Analyse requirements of motor starters for 3 phase and synchronous motors

4.1

Differentiation is established between different types of motor starters

4.2

Different types of starters are evaluated in terms of starting torque and current, and are compared to particular motor applications

4.3

Simple starter circuit diagrams are evaluated and operating principles of motor starters are explained

4.4

Documentation and circuit and wiring diagrams are used for fault-finding in motor starters

4.5

Routine maintenance program for monitoring vibration and insulation resistance levels of motors is designed

5

Analyse lighting systems used on board ships

5.1

Common types and applications of lighting systems are evaluated

5.2

Distribution layout systems are explained

5.3

Fault-finding method for lights and starter systems, including lighting in hazardous areas, is planned using circuit diagrams

6

Evaluate alternator excitation system design

6.1

Different types of excitation systems and impact of load changes are compared

6.2

Type, location and function of components involved in excitation are examined

6.3

Function, cooling, failure mode and procedures for testing and changing diodes are explained

6.4

Functions of an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and how it may be incorporated into an excitation system are explained

6.5

Process of fault-finding in an AVR and types, causes and remedies of common problems are explained

6.6

The impact excitation systems have on output in normal and adverse circumstances is assessed

7

Analyse power management and UPS fitted to vessels

7.1

Operational functions of power management systems during high load, overload and short circuit conditions are analysed

7.2

Functions and components of UPS systems are evaluated

7.3

Limitations of power management and UPS fitted to vessels are analysed

7.4

System response under possible fault conditions of vessel power management and UPS are determined

8

Analyse vessel cathodic protection system

8.1

Cathodic protection systems and how they interact are analysed

8.2

Components of cathodic protection systems are identified and life cycle maintenance program is prepared

8.3

Modifications required for operating parameters of cathodic protection systems when operating alongside an active wharf or another vessel are determined

8.4

Likely causes of corrosion in relation to size, location or distribution of anodes or current densities are assessed

8.5

Other corrosion problems in shipboard environment that may be cause of electrical problems are appraised

9

Assess requirements and components associated with electrical systems for hazardous spaces on board vessels

9.1

Different types, limitation and nameplate identification of ‘E’ equipment are compared

9.2

Requirements of classification societies are distinguished from administrations regarding electrical installations on board vessels

9.3

Lighting and power supply requirements of pump rooms are identified

9.4

Safety requirements for electrical equipment and safety practices on board vessels and how these are extended when alongside a berth are analysed

10

Assess existing electrical shipboard equipment

10.1

Existing and new shipboard electrical equipment and systems are compared to assess future requirements as well as potential problems and preventative measures

10.2

Performance of existing shipboard electrical equipment and systems is analysed and cost effectiveness studies for modifications or improvements are prepared

10.3

Factors involved in commissioning new electrical plant are evaluated

10.4

Procedures involved in organising survey of existing plant are outlined

10.5

Procedures involved in making recommendations for new systems consistent with modified new ship building requirements are outlined

11

Appraise high voltage electrical motor propulsion systems

11.1

Safety requirements for working with high voltage systems are identified

11.2

Use of high voltage systems for propulsion and cargo handling is evaluated

11.3

Safe maintenance methods for high voltage switchgear and machines are analysed

Evidence required to demonstrate competence in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements, performance criteria and range of conditions on at least one occasion and include:

applying relevant work health and safety/occupational health and safety (WHS/OHS) requirements and work practices

assessing own work outcomes and maintaining knowledge of current codes, standards, regulations and industry practices

explaining advanced principles of lighting, cathodic protection, high voltage systems and imparting knowledge and ideas verbally, in writing and visually

identifying and interpreting complex numerical and graphical information in electrical diagrams and specifications for a commercial vessel

identifying and suggesting ways of rectifying electrical hazards and emergency situations on a vessel

identifying methods, procedures and materials needed for operating, maintaining and repairing complex marine electrical systems

reading and interpreting written information related to electrical circuitry and components on commercial vessels

using electrical measuring and testing instruments.

Evidence required to demonstrate competence in this unit must be relevant to and satisfy all of the requirements of the elements, performance criteria and range of conditions and include knowledge of:

alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) voltage

AC and DC marine motors

alternators:

alternator excitation system design

construction

characteristics

synchronised operation

types

cathodic protection system

electrical:

layout systems

measuring and testing instruments

shipboard equipment

symbols, basic electrical diagrams/circuits

high voltage electrical motor propulsion systems

lighting systems used on board ships

motor starters for three-phase and synchronous motors

phase angle, power factor, and current flow

power management and UPS fitted to vessels

procedures for dealing with hazards and emergencies

requirements and components associated with electrical systems for hazardous spaces on board vessels

resistance, inductance and capacitance

safe electrical working practices

WHS/OHS requirements and work practices.

Range Statement

Range is restricted to essential operating conditions and any other variables essential to the work environment.

Operating parameters include one or more of the following:

excitation current

insulation grade

operating temperature

speed

Marine motors include one or more of the following:

polyphase

reduced starting current motors

single

speed changing

synchronous

variable speed

Encapsulation includes one or more of the following:

drip proof

submersible

TEFC

Motor ratings must include:

continuous

short time

Operational problems include one or more of the following:

loss of insulation resistance

open circuit

overheating

short circuit

wrong connections

Motor starters include one or more of the following:

DOL

primary and secondary resistance

soft or electronic starters

star-Delta

transformer starter

Lighting systems include one or more of the following:

fluorescent

halogen

incandescent

LED

mercury

sodium vapour

Distribution layout systems must include:

emergency lights

safety lights

How excitation systems impact on output in normal and adverse circumstances must include:

loss of excitation

short circuit

Safety requirements include one or more of the following:

company requirements

manufacturer requirements

statutory requirements