8) Essential Knowledge and Associated Skills (EKAS): This describes the essential skills and knowledge and their level, required for this unit. Evidence shall show that knowledge has been acquired of designing distribution substations. All knowledge and skills detailed in this unit should be contextualised to current industry practices and technologies. KS01-TDS37A Design power system distribution substations Evidence shall show an understanding of the designing of power system distribution substations to an extent indicated by the following aspects: T1 Mathematics techniques encompassing: Calculations involving fractions, decimals, ratios, proportions Calculations involving area, volume, mass and density Calculations involving transposition and substitution of formulae Calculations involving simple trigonometric problems. T2 Engineering mechanics encompassing: Identification of basic concepts, principles and applications - Application of velocity, acceleration, force, density, torque, and pressure Applications of the SI units The relationship between work, power and energy Behaviour of object under force - using a block and tackle under load, concept of mechanical advantage, determination of resultant forces and determining the sag in a catenary conductor and the force applied at each end Fundamentals of the basic laws of fluid mechanics. T3 Materials properties encompassing: Identification and classification of engineering materials material properties Types and applications - properties of tensile strength, effects of temperature on the expansion of metals, ductility, malleability, work hardening and annealing and the conditions that lead to corrosion and the properties of timbers. T4 Generation systems encompassing: Methods of generating electricity - types of power stations and reasons for their location, layout of thermal and hydroelectric power stations Relationship between power control and load requirements - operating speeds for thermal and hydroelectric generating sets, typical generator voltage levels and output ratings The purpose and features of typical types of co-generation systems. T5 Substations and power transformers encompassing: Relationship between the substations within an overall power system: note examples include purpose, location in relation to load centres, layout of HV equipment within the substation and auxiliary equipment Characteristics of a power transformer - basic construction of distribution transformers, operation under load/no load conditions, types and basic operation of tap changing switches including solid state types, efficiency and cooling Auxiliary equipment used on transformers - function and basic operation Maintenance of a power transformer - basic connections, restrictions to parallel operation, problems and remedies associated with harmonics, testing and fault finding procedures Characteristics of a reactors - description and purpose T6 The installation of metering and control equipment encompassing: Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements pertaining to the installation and maintenance of energy meters and associated equipment Types of meters: note examples include kilowatt-hour meters single and polyphase, demand meters, recording meters and electronic recording metering systems summators Installation and removal methods - direct connection and plug in method and enterprise specific Types of associated equipment and accessories - meter boards, service fuse, links, contactors, time switch, audio frequency injection relay Testing procedures - safety and polarity testing T7 Principles of Statutory and safety considerations encompassing: Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, standards, codes, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with working on High Voltage Particular reference to State and Territory regulations regarding - working near energised conductors, electrical access, heights, confined space, testing procedures, licensing rules. T8 The installation of switchgear and associated equipment encompassing: Types and function of various switchgear - isolators, air-break switches, gas-filled switches, vacuum type, links, fuses, oil disconnectors, fuse switches, circuit breakers, operating characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of different types switchgear, installation procedures, earthing, requirements and techniques Types of equipment: note examples include transformers, reactors, regulators, capacitors, relays, surge arrestors, fault indicators and mobile generators Installation procedures for switchgear and equipment encompassing: standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements, assembly and erecting procedures, earthing requirements and techniques and pole mounted locations Maintenance procedures for switchgear and equipment - diagnosing and rectifying faults according to electricity supply industry standards and procedures Testing and commissioning - electricity supply industry standards and procedures T9 High voltage distribution transformer principles encompassing: Operation of HV distribution transformers - principle governing factors for transformer ratings, protection and alarms, operating limitations and the relationship between transformer and HV fuse rating, purpose and principle operation of HV distribution transformer tap changers, HV distribution transformer and transformer — cable combination switching practices, paralleling requirements, isolation and earthing procedures for access, common distribution transformer and associated electrical apparatus faults HV underground switching equipment - arc stranglers, switch operation, load break elbows, switching cubicles, canister fuses, bayonet fuses, F and G switching cubicles, voltage indicators and phasing testers T10 Feeder automation system encompassing: Function of feeder automation system and the main components Operation procedure for a remote field device from a local control station Functions of “System Control and Data Acquisition” (SCADA) (or any other relevant Data Acquisition and Control) systems and its main components SCADA system security interlocks and access restrictions SCADA system operation when switching apparatus or retrieving data via a remote access device such as; Remote Access Terminal (RAT), Dial Up Voice Annunciated System and Local Control Station Function of the main components of a local/remote control system Operation of a field devices using SCADA systems via a Remote Access Terminal (RAT), Dial Up Annunciated System and Local Control Station T11 Environmental fundamentals encompassing: Environmental standards, codes, environmental legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements applicable to the control of environment associated with the worksite encompassing, relevant federal legislation, relevant state/territory legislation, relevant local government by-laws, relevant government or quasi government policies and regulations and relevant community planning and development agreements - land care agreements. Employer and employee responsibilities Methods of obtaining information on environmental issues and updates Methods of identifying environmental impacts from work related activities Meaning of environmental terms encompassing identification, assessment and control of risks, compliance and best practice and sustainable energy Procedures in implementing management plans to ensure compliance T12 Layout principles for a distribution substation minor upgrade encompassing: Commonwealth, State/Territory and local government legislation, Standards, codes, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements applicable to a distribution substation minor upgrade Requirements for the use of distribution substation minor upgrade construction manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings and for plans such as work method statements for the control of OHS risks Methods in determining material, equipment and tool lists - components types and quantity required, spacing of components and equipment, costings of items and components. Purchasing and contractual arrangements to include a requirement to eliminate OHS hazards, minimise risks and provide residual OHS risk information Determination of conductor size, type and route length Resources needed for the laying of conductors, cables and equipment Determining the appropriate installation sequence Minimum clearances between conductors and equipment Estimation of the duration of underground distribution extension project T13 Fundamentals of distribution transformers encompassing: Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements pertaining to the safe operation and testing of distribution transformers and auxiliary equipment Drawing layouts, conventions and symbols, note: examples include vector group of transformers and three phase transformers Construction of a distribution transformer Characteristics when operated under load and no load conditions Percentage impedance determinations by test and calculation Function and operation of tap charging switches including solid state tap changing equipment Function and operation of transformer auxiliary equipment Problems caused by harmonics in transformers Methods and equipment used to overcome harmonics in transformers T14 Testing procedures of distribution transformers encompassing: Safety precautions specific to the testing of distribution transformers Procedures for safely connecting distribution transformers for testing Testing of distribution transformers to determine losses Calculation of transformer’s efficiency Methods and types of equipment used to cool transformers encompassing: properties of transformer oil and tests performed on transformer oil Techniques in performing selected tests on transformer oil Techniques in performing testing procedures on armer Techniques in testing distribution transformers Distribution transformer parallel connections - conditions and restrictions for parallel operations Calculations of loading on transformers operating in parallel Connection of transformer in parallel to supply a common load T15 Distribution earthing system encompassing: Standards, codes, legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements applicable to the distribution earthing system Reason and types of distribution earthing systems Terminologies used in the earth systems including, touch and step potential Conditions associated when an active HV conductor fails to earth Selection of earthing electrodes and grids Determination of the earthing resistance of copper clad rods using earthing monograms |