8) Essential Knowledge and Associated Skills (EKAS): This describes the essential skills and knowledge and their level, required for this unit. Evidence shall show that knowledge has been acquired of designing testing and commissioning procedures for substation and field devices. All knowledge and skills detailed in this unit should be contextualised to current industry practices and technologies. KS01-TTS24A Testing and commissioning procedures for field devices and substations - design Evidence shall show an understanding of testing and commissioning procedures for field devices and substations - design to an extent indicated by the following aspects: T1 Powerline safety practices encompassing: Protective apparatus and apparel for linework - responsibilities for the selection, use, maintenance and storage of protective apparatus and apparel and the types of protective apparatus and apparel used for the line worker Requirements for the use of ladders - carrying, erecting, collapsing and lowering different types of extension ladder against a standing pole, maintenance checks on different types of ladders, renewal of extension ropes and the safety issues relating to clearances from overhead conductors Requirements for climbing and working aloft - methods used to identify a pole is safe to climb, methods used to inspect a line worker’s body belt, application of knots and hitches appropriate to the requirements of a line worker, height safety principles including personal fall protection, prevention and related requirements, and the practical procedure of climbing an overhead structure and fitting a pole chair Traffic management - purpose of traffic management and a line worker’s responsibilities in accordance with relevant statutory requirements and electricity supply industry requirements, demonstration of the procedure used to provide an effective traffic management scheme and the use of a two-way radio Control of small fires - identification, selection and operation of the appropriate extinguishing mediums for various types of fires, general fire prevention methods and the precautions for personal protection when fighting small fires Rescue victims from heights and confined spaces - planning, identifying, the procedures, and establishing responses, developing techniques, involvement of external emergency services and practical demonstration/rehearsals of rescuing a person from heights and from confined spaces and emergency procedures for the rescue of an electric shock victim including CPR Requirements for aerial linework - planning, establishing and implementing relevant aviation authority clearances, determining system requirements, aircrew familiarisation with network operations and equipment, requirements for effective communications operations for aerial work. T2 Principles of Statutory and safety considerations encompassing: Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, standards, codes, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with working on High Voltage Particular reference to State and Territory regulations regarding - working near energised conductors, electrical access, heights, confined space, testing procedures, licensing rules. T3 Electrical equipment associated with protection and control schemes encompassing: Types and applications of electrical equipment – characteristics, capabilities (schemes: overcurrent, frame leakage, cooling, buchholz, DC supplies, restricted earth, sensitive earth fault, CB fail, reclose, DC frame leakage, CEL Fail, under frequency load shed and earth fault) T4 Principles of isolation and tagging procedures associated with protection testing encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with the installation, maintenance, isolation and tagging procedures Requirements for the use of, isolation and tagging, manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Techniques in documenting isolations Techniques in appropriate isolation and tagging procedures as per Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and enterprise standards Techniques in the installation and maintenance procedures protection devices as per Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and enterprise standards T5 Maintenance and commissioning procedures associated with discrete protection schemes encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with the maintenance and commissioning procedures Requirements for the use of maintenance and commissioning manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Techniques in maintenance and commissioning procedures – planning, policy, testing techniques Close out requirements T6 Relay manufacturer specifications encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth, State/Territory and local government legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements applicable to the use and application of relay manufacturer specifications Requirements for the use of relay manufacturer manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Types, function and characteristics of specific relays - differences between specific relays used for the same functionality T7 Procedure to undertake a visual inspection of a scheme encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with visual inspection procedures of a scheme Requirements for the use of manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Identify obvious deficiencies in operating to the standard functionality Techniques in determining relay malfunction - targeting Techniques in determining wiring defects T8 Operation and maintenance procedures associated with discrete protection and control systems encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with operating procedures Requirements for the use of operating manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Techniques - gas collection and analysis, bleeding and resetting, calibration, operational and sensitivity checks, trip and alarm checks Surge relay types and uses, including transformer main tanks, diverter switch chambers T9 Measurements and the interpretation and analysis of those measurements related to the plant and/or equipment type encompassing: Type of measurements - timing, current, voltage, capacitance, inductance, impedance, phase angle, phase shift, resistance, dielectric dissipation factor, frequency, polarisation index, ratio, vector group, temperature Interpretation and analysis the use of techniques - digital comparison of data, extrapolation, use of graphs and charts, statistics and tables, mathematical calculation of expected values and comparison with manufacturers data and measurements Techniques in the processes involved in follow-up actions and recommendations resulting from analysis and interpretation of results and measurements. T10 Substation safety practices encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth, State/Territory/local government legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements pertaining to substation safety practices Techniques in the use of protective apparatus and apparel for substations work, including responsibilities with regard to the use and maintenance of protective apparatus and apparel and the types of protective apparatus and apparel used for work in substations Requirements for the use of ladders and appropriate ladder types for work in substations - safe work methods when carrying, erecting, collapsing and lowering different types of extension ladder against substation structures, plant and equipment, maintenance checks on different types of ladders, renewal of extension ropes and the safety issues relating to clearances from energised conductors Requirements for climbing and working at heights in substations - attached climbing principles, selection, use and operation of elevated work platforms and any OHS requirements associated with the use of EWPs Control of small fires - identification, selection and operation of the appropriate extinguishing mediums for various types of fires and the precautions for personal protection when fighting small fires Control of oil spills - identification, use and maintenance of spill oil control equipment and materials, oil containment facilities and systems Rescue and release procedures - the rescue personnel from energised conductors, emergency descent from an EWP and may include rescue from confined spaces. Enterprise requirements - safe access and Authorisation to Work procedures, use of mobile extendable equipment on or near energised HV conductors, emergency response procedures. Hazards associated with work in substations including earthing systems, transfer potentials, step and touch effects, electrostatic and electromagnetic induction, dangers of near approach to energised conductors T11 Design principles of high voltage insulation systems encompassing: Insulation design principles - common materials used, electrical characteristics, thermal characteristics, uses and applications to substation high voltage plant and equipment, grading, construction, cooling. Common contaminants and their effects - internal contaminants, external contaminants Testing and measurement of insulation quality - test types and common measuring instruments and techniques, resistance and resistivity, losses, measurement errors, temperature corrections, safe work practices related to testing and measurement Safety precautions when testing and measuring high voltage insulation systems - safe working practices and procedures, identification of hazards, assessment and control of OHS risks, types, selection, maintenance and use of personal protective equipment T12 Principles of power transformer construction and operations encompassing: Transformer types - shell, core, auto, double wound, three phase, single phase and combinations of these types, step up and step down transformers, transmission and generation types Reactor types - shunt and series, applications and design considerations Iron circuit characteristics - steel types, losses and techniques used to eliminate excess eddy currents and other circulating currents Winding configurations and construction techniques - helical, spiral, disc, interleaved disc types Insulation methods and techniques - fully insulated windings and graded insulation techniques, oil filled and gas filled power transformers Transformer and reactor ratings, losses and efficiency - equivalent circuits and vector relationships, impedance percent Nameplate details - BIL, tapping winding detail, physical layout, cooling ratings, physical details Transformer and reactor cooling types and their effects on design and rating Transformer and reactor auxiliaries - temperature indicators, over pressure devices and control systems Winding configurations - star-star, star-delta, star-zigzag, nomenclature and common methods of diagrammatic representation of winding configuration Operating constraints as single units and in parallel Tapping windings - placement issues, tapping range, OLTC versus off load TC techniques, types in use (high speed resistor, reactor and vacuum types, Jansen mechanisms, dead tank and live tank types), control system characteristics. High voltage bushing selection – type, insulation system used, rating, BIL, selection criteria, testing considerations T13 Principles of power transformer construction and operations encompassing: Applications of static reactive plant in high voltage networks, including voltage control, VAR control, transient response capacity Types of static reactive plant including high voltage capacitors, high voltage reactors, static VAR compensators and combinations of these Operating characteristics and operational constraints including point on wave switching issues Ratings, cooling systems and control systems and ancillary equipment used Configurations and system layout including single star, double star, bridge type Typical protection systems used including neutral unbalance current, neutral unbalance voltage Techniques used when balancing elements within static reactive plant Safety precautions when testing and maintaining high voltage static reactive plant - safe working practices and procedures, identification of hazards, assessment and control of OHS risks, types, selection, maintenance and use of personal protective equipment. T14 Principles of power transformer high speed on load tap changers encompassing: Selector types and applications for high voltage power transformers Diverter switch types and applications for high voltage power transformers including live tank, dead tank, resistor type, reactor type, vacuum type, pennant flag, pennant cycle Ratings and construction principles Operating mechanism types, stored energy systems and associated control systems Operating principles and operating sequences of selectors and diverters Measurement requirements including contacts, differential wear, transition resistors and transient protection devices, rotation lag, out of sequence controls and end-of-life unit and component assessment Online diagnostic tools and devices Ancillary equipment including online filters, over pressure relays and devices Testing requirements including cycle timing, differential delay, energy accumulator mechanical and operational tests and control system functional tests Safety precautions when testing and maintaining high voltage power transformer on load tap changers - safe working practices and procedures, identification of hazards, assessment and control of OHS risks, types, selection, maintenance and use of personal protective equipment. T15 Operation and maintenance procedures associated with voltage regulation schemes encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with the operating procedures Requirements for the use of operating manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Principles of operation and operating sequences - voltage control, VAR control, Live Bus/Dead Bus synchronising checks, tap changer principles, requirements for parallel operations, settings, grading Techniques associated with - isolation requirements, enterprise maintenance requirements, setting checks, LV injections, electrical measurements Ancillary equipment which may include transducers, Buswire schemes, tap position indicators, local/remote control systems, alarm systems Voltage regulation scheme types which may include electro mechanical, micro-processor or combinations of both. T16 Types and applications of test equipment encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth, State/Territory and local government legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements applicable to the use and application of electrical and/or electronic test equipment Types and applications of test equipment used on discrete protection scheme Techniques in the use of test equipment - electronic test equipment (Doble, Ohmnicrome), gas injection equipment, manufactures test equipment, multimeters, phase angle meters, meggers. T17 Voltage control techniques encompassing: Conditions leading to voltage collapse Effects on system of high and low voltage Voltage control devices - voltage regulators applied to generators and synchronous phase modifiers, electromagnetic voltage regulators, series and parallel capacitors, OLTC transformers and static VAR compensators (SVC’s). SVC’s includes saturated reactor compensators; thyristor controlled reactor compensators and combined systems Production of harmonics and methods of harmonic control Location of voltage control devices within the system T18 Transient overvoltages encompassing: Causes and effects of transient overvoltages - switching transients and lightning transients, effects on plant items Control techniques and systems - surge diverters, shield wires and CB arc control Insulation systems - insulation systems, insulation coordination and insulation grading. T19 Procedure to undertake a visual inspection of a scheme encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with visual inspection procedures of a scheme Requirements for the use of manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Identify obvious deficiencies in operating to the standard functionality Techniques in determining device malfunction Techniques in determining wiring defects. T20 Commissioning procedures associated with relevant equipment encompassing: Standards, codes, Commonwealth/State/Territory legislation, supply authority regulations and or enterprise requirements associated with the commissioning procedures Requirements for the use of commissioning manuals, system diagrams/plans and drawings Techniques in commissioning procedures – planning, policy, testing techniques, close out requirements. T21 Detailed operation and setting of discrete protection systems encompassing: Earth fault protection - master earth leakage schemes, sensitive earth fault relays and schemes, residual earth fault scheme, core balance earth fault scheme, frame/structure earth leakage scheme, time graded discrimination, backup protection Overcurrent protection - feeder overcurrent protection, instantaneous overcurrent schemes, inverse timed overcurrent schemes, types and location of components of an overcurrent scheme, CT summation, time graded discrimination, backup protection Alarms and controls - auxiliary relays, voltage regulating relays, line drop compensation, gas relay types, gas relay scheme operation and setting, over temperature schemes. T22 Detailed operation of interdependent protection systems encompassing: Overcurrent and earth leakage schemes including intertripping, interlocking and blocking - logic mapping, master control, electromechanical, electronic, shading coils Pilot wire, phase comparison - opposed voltage schemes, circulating current schemes, location of components of a scheme, pilot supervisory techniques, Load shedding, voltage control, parallel operation, load rejection Busbar Protection and CB failure protection Reclose systems - applications, single shot, multishot, blocking schemes, synchronisation checking. T23 Detailed operation of metering devices and principles encompassing: Common circuit configurations Meters and measurement principles Instrument transformer application Testing of metering systems and devices Implications of market operation. T24 Detailed operation of fundamental test equipment encompassing: Care and safe use Operating principles Comparison of different operating principle meters used for the same purpose Accuracy and loading effects of meters - measurement of voltage, current, power, resistance, insulation resistance, impedance and phase sequence and the use of oscilloscopes. T25 Detailed operation of protection test equipment encompassing: Care and safe use Operating principles Comparison of different operating principle meters used for the same purpose Accuracy and loading effects of meters - measurement of timing, voltage, current, resistance, inductance, capacitance, impedance, frequency, phase angle, phase difference and the use of primary, secondary and gas injection equipment. T26 Detailed operation of metering test equipment encompassing: Care and safe use Operating principles Comparison of different operating principle meters used for the same purpose Accuracy and loading effects of meters - measurements of, voltage, current, power, reactive power, phase angle, resistance, inductance, capacitance, impedance, frequency, harmonics and the use of transient and data logging devices T27 Detailed operation of field device test equipment encompassing: Care and safe use Operating principles Comparison of different operating principle meters used for the same purpose Accuracy and loading effects of meters - measurements of voltage, current, power, reactive power, phase angle, resistance, inductance, capacitance, impedance, frequency, harmonics and the use of transient and data logging devices. T28 Procedure for the systematic fault isolation through the application of diagnostic techniques encompassing: Principles of analytical questioning Techniques in drawing valid conclusions from first observations Concepts of broad first-line testing Consideration of/responsibility for, avoidance of further damage Interpretation of specific test results: cause/effect Techniques for isolation to appropriate level - half-split, module/function isolation (kernel technique), substitution, diagnostic software, requirements for the use of manuals, system diagrams/plans, drawings, handbooks, specifications and fault pathways. Software/firmware functions awareness Factors affecting field versus workshop repair costs Scheduling minor/major repair activities, downtime Implications of temporary repairs Use of system knowledge and history Data interpretation, expected versus actual Feedback to design/production/installation processes Subsystems and system structures System signals/status indicators Known failure modes and trends Action threshold warnings versus catastrophic failure Component ratings/upgrades Disassembly/reassembly techniques and care Relative costs of repair and replacement - remaining life, ongoing maintenance, additional benefits of replacement equipment, e.g. improved productivity, quality. |